Understanding Cyber Security Threats and Attacks: A Guide for Individuals and Small Businesses

Cybersecurity is no longer a concern reserved for large corporations. With the increasing reliance on digital technologies, individuals, householders, and small businesses are becoming prime targets for cybercriminals.

Limited resources and awareness often make these groups more vulnerable to attacks. This article aims to provide a clear understanding of the most common cyber security threats by dividing them into two major categories: software threats and network attacks. By learning about these threats, readers can take proactive steps to protect their digital environments.

Software Threats

Software threats refer to malicious programs or code that infiltrate systems, often without the user’s knowledge. These threats can compromise sensitive data, disrupt operations, and lead to financial loss or identity theft.

What is a Computer Virus?

A computer virus is a type of malicious software, commonly known as malware, that is designed to replicate itself and spread from one system to another. It typically attaches itself to legitimate files or programs and activates when the host file is executed. Once active, it can corrupt files, slow down system performance, and even render a device unusable.

Types of Viruses

There are several types of computer viruses, each with its own method of infection and impact.

File infector viruses attach themselves to executable files and spread when the file is run. Macro viruses target documents that contain macros, such as Word or Excel files, and activate when the document is opened.

Boot sector viruses infect the master boot record of a computer and activate during system startup.

Polymorphic viruses are particularly difficult to detect because they change their code each time they infect a new system.

Resident viruses embed themselves in system memory and can operate even after the original host file is deleted.

Worms

Worms are similar to viruses but differ in one key aspect: they do not require a host file to spread. Instead, worms exploit vulnerabilities in operating systems or software to replicate across networks. This can lead to widespread disruption, as worms consume bandwidth, overload servers and computers, and cause system crashes. Notable examples include the ILOVEYOU worm and the more sophisticated Stuxnet worm.

Trojan Horse Program

A Trojan horse is a deceptive piece of software that appears to be legitimate but carries a malicious payload. Once installed, it can create backdoors for remote access, steal sensitive data, or download additional malware. Unlike viruses and worms, Trojans do not replicate themselves but rely on user deception to gain access to systems.

Spyware

Spyware is designed to covertly monitor user activity and collect information without consent. It can track browsing habits, capture login credentials, and gather financial data. Spyware often comes bundled with free software or is installed via malicious websites. Its presence can lead to privacy breaches and identity theft.

Ransomware

Ransomware is one of the most financially damaging types of malware. It encrypts a victim’s files and demands payment for the decryption key. These attacks often begin with phishing emails or malicious downloads. Victims are left with the difficult choice of paying the ransom or losing access to their data. Unfortunately, paying the ransom does not guarantee data recovery and may encourage further attacks.

Blended Threats

Blended threats combine multiple types of malware to maximise damage. For example, a worm may carry a Trojan payload, or a virus may install spyware and open a backdoor for remote access. These threats are more sophisticated and harder to detect, often requiring advanced security solutions and layered defences.

Network Attacks

Network attacks target the infrastructure that connects devices and systems. These attacks can intercept, manipulate, or block data transmission, posing serious risks to privacy and operational continuity.

Packet Sniffing

Packet sniffing involves capturing data packets as they travel across a network. Attackers use sniffing tools to monitor network traffic, steal login credentials, and intercept sensitive communications. Unsecured Wi-Fi networks are particularly vulnerable to this type of attack, making it essential to use encrypted connections and secure routers.

Packet Spoofing

Packet spoofing is the act of forging the source address of data packets to impersonate another device. This technique can be used to bypass access controls, launch man-in-the-middle attacks, or redirect traffic to malicious destinations. Spoofing is often a precursor to more complex and damaging attacks.

Attacks on TCP/IP

The TCP/IP protocol suite is the foundation of most internet communications. Attacks on TCP/IP can take various forms. Session hijacking involves taking control of an active session between two devices, allowing the attacker to intercept or alter communications. TCP SYN flood attacks exploit the handshake process to overwhelm a server with connection requests, leading to denial of service. IP spoofing involves faking IP addresses to gain unauthorised access to systems or networks.

Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)

DoS and DDoS attacks aim to make a system or network resource unavailable by overwhelming it with traffic. A DoS attack originates from a single source, while a DDoS attack uses multiple compromised systems, often part of a botnet, to launch the assault. These attacks can cripple websites, disrupt services, and cause significant financial loss, especially for small businesses with limited bandwidth and mitigation capabilities.

Other Relevant Threats

Man-in-the-middle attacks intercept communication between two parties to steal or manipulate data. These attacks are common in unsecured networks and can be mitigated using encryption and secure protocols.

Phishing involves fraudulent emails or messages designed to trick users into revealing personal information. Spear phishing is a more targeted version, often aimed at specific individuals or organisations, making it harder to detect.

Credential stuffing is a technique where attackers use stolen usernames and passwords from one breach to access other accounts. This is effective due to the common practice of password reuse across platforms.

Insider threats come from within an organisation. Employees or contractors with access to systems can intentionally or unintentionally compromise security. These threats are often overlooked but can be just as damaging as external attacks.

Cyber security is a shared responsibility. Whether you are an individual, a householder, or a small business owner, understanding the nature of software threats and network attacks is essential. Recognising these threats and implementing basic security measures, such as using strong passwords, keeping software updated, and employing antivirus and firewall solutions, can significantly reduce your risk.

For small businesses, investing in professional cyber security services can provide peace of mind and protection against increasingly sophisticated attacks. Awareness is the first line of defence, and education is the foundation of resilience.

If you're concerned about your digital safety or simply want expert advice tailored to your needs, feel free to get in touch through our contact page, we’re here to help.